The monarch known now as Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇; pinyin: Qín Shǐ Huáng; Wade-Giles: Ch'in Shih-huang) (259 BCE – September 10, 210 BCE),[1] personal name Yíng Zhèng, was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BCE to 221 BCE (officially still under the Zhou Dynasty), and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BCE to 210 BCE, ruling under the name the First Emperor (Chinese: 始皇帝; pinyin: Shǐ Huáng Dì; Wade-Giles: Shih Huang-Ti). As the ruler of the Great Qin, he was known for the introduction of Legalism and also for unifying China.
Qin Shi Huang remains a controversial figure in Chinese history. Having unified China, he and his chief adviser Li Si passed a series of major reforms aimed at cementing unification, and they undertook some gigantic projects, most notably the precursor version of the current Great Wall of China, a city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, at the expense of numerous human lives. To ensure stability, he outlawed Confucianism and buried many of its scholars alive, banning and burning all books other than those officially decreed.
For all the tyranny of his autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang is still regarded by many today as a pivotal figure in Chinese history whose unification of China has endured for more than two millennia.
Naming conventions
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Qin Shi Huang was born in the Kingdom of Zhao, therefore he received the last name Zhao, which is a branch of "Ying". He was born in the Chinese month zhēng (正), the first month of the year in the Chinese calendar then in use, like January is now, and so he received the given name Zheng (政), both characters being used interchangeably in ancient China. In Chinese antiquity, people joined family names and given names together as is customary for all Chinese names today. Therefore, it is anachronistic to refer to Qin Shi Huang as "Zhao Zheng" or "Ying Zheng". The given name was never used except by close relatives; it is incorrect to call Qin Shi Huang "Prince Zheng", or alternatively by the common dynastic term "King Zheng of Qin". As a king, he was referred to as "King of Qin" only. Had he received a posthumous name after his death like his father, he would have been known by historians as "King NN. (posthumous name) of Qin".
After conquering the last independent Chinese state in 221 BCE, Qin Shi Huang was the king of a state of Qin ruling over the whole of China, an unprecedented accomplishment. Wishing to show that he was no longer a simple king like the kings of old during the Warring States Period, he created a new title, huangdi (皇帝), combining the word huang (皇) from the legendary Three Huang (Three August Ones) who ruled at the dawn of Chinese history, and the word di (帝) from the legendary Five Di (Five Sovereigns) who ruled immediately after the Three Huang. These Three Huang and Five Di were considered perfect rulers, of immense power and very long lives. The word huang also meant "big", "great". The word di also referred to the Supreme God in Heaven, creator of the world. Thus, by joining these two words for the first time, Qin Shi Huang created a title on a par with his feat of uniting the seemingly endless Chinese realm, in fact uniting the world. Ancient Chinese, like ancient Romans, believed their empire encompassed the whole world, a concept referred to as all under heaven.
This word huangdi is rendered in English as "emperor", a word which also has a long history dating back to ancient Rome, and which English-speakers commonly deem to be superior to the word "king". Qin Shi Huang adopted the name First Emperor (Shi Huangdi, literally "commencing emperor"). He abolished posthumous names, by which former kings were known after their death, judging them inappropriate and contrary to filial piety, and decided that future generations would refer to him as the First Emperor (Shi Huangdi). His successor would be referred to as the Second Emperor (Er Shi Huangdi, literally "second generation emperor"), the successor of his successor as the Third Emperor (San Shi Huangdi, literally "third generation emperor"), and so on, for ten thousand generations, as the Imperial house was supposed to rule China for that long. ("Ten thousand" is equivalent to "forever" in Chinese, and also signifies "good fortune".)
Qin Shi Huang had now become the First Emperor of the State of Qin. The official name of the newly united China was still "State of Qin", as Qin had absorbed all the other states. The contemporaries called the emperor "First Emperor", dropping the phrase "of the State of Qin", which was obvious without saying. However, soon after the emperor's death, his regime collapsed, and China was beset by a civil war. Eventually, in 202 BCE the Han Dynasty managed to reunify the whole of China, which now became officially known as the State of Han (漢國), or Empire of Han. Qin Shi Huang could no longer be called "First Emperor", as this would imply that he was the "First Emperor of the Empire of Han". The custom thus arose of preceding his name with Qin (秦), which no longer referred to the State of Qin, but to the Qin Dynasty, a dynasty replaced by the Han Dynasty. The word huangdi (emperor) in his name was also shortened to huang, so that he became known as Qin Shi Huang. It seems likely that huangdi was shortened to obtain a three-character name, because it is rare for Chinese people to have a name composed of four or more characters.
This name Qin Shi Huang (i.e., "First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty") is the name that appears in the Records of the Grand Historian written by Sima Qian, and is the name most favored today inside China when referring to the First Emperor. Westerners sometimes write "Qin Shi Huangdi", which is improper given Chinese naming conventions; it is more conventional to write "Qin Shi Huang" or "First Emperor of Qin".
Youth and King of Qin: the conqueror
At the time of the young Zheng's birth, China was divided into warring feudal states. This period of Chinese history is referred to as the Warring States Period. The competition was extremely fierce and by 260 BCE there were only a handful of states left (the others having been conquered and annexed), including Zheng's state, Qin, which was the most powerful. It was governed by a Legalist government and focused earnestly on military matters. Legalism taught that laws were obeyed out of fear not respect.
Zheng was born in Handan, the capital of the enemy State of Zhao, so he had the name Zhao Zheng. He was the son of Zichu (子楚), a prince of the royal house of Qin who served as a hostage in the State of Zhao under an agreement between the states of Qin and Zhao. Zichu later returned to Qin after many adventures and with the help of a rich merchant called Lü Buwei, and he managed to ascend the throne of Qin, Lü Buwei becoming chancellor (prime minister) of Qin. Zichu is known posthumously as King Zhuangxiang of Qin. According to a widespread story, Zheng was not the actual son of Zichu, but the son of the powerful chancellor Lü Buwei. This tale arose because Zheng's mother had originally been a concubine of Lü Buwei before he gave her to his good friend Zichu shortly before Zheng's birth. However, the story is dubious since the Confucians would have found it much easier to denounce a ruler whose birth was illegitimate.
Zheng ascended the throne in 245 BCE at the age of 13, and was king under a regent until 238 BCE when, at the age of 21 and a half, he staged a palace coup and assumed full power. Contrary to the accepted rules of war of the time, he ordered the execution of prisoners of war. He continued the tradition of tenaciously attacking and defeating the feudal states (dodging a celebrated assassination attempt by Jing Ke while doing so) and finally took control of the whole of China in 221 BCE by defeating the last independent Chinese state, the State of Qi.
Then in that same year, at the age of 38, the king of Qin proclaimed himself First Emperor of the unified states of China, making him the most powerful man in China (see chapter above).
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2008年4月24日星期四
2008年4月10日星期四
Gyeongjy
Gyeongjy
Gyeongju is the birthplace of the new Romanian culture, in Gyeongju. Surrounded by mountains here, another convergence of the river surrounded by beautiful. Shilla Dynasty and the Tang dynasty of China at that time had close of a fruitful relationship. According Shishuji reference Gyeongju is modelled on the construction of the Tang dynasty capital. October each year, South Korea should be held here in the "new Romanian Cultural Festival." Bulguksa Temple Gyeongju is the largest Buddhist temple, magnificent, beautiful statements by the South Korean government as historical relics No. 1 Buddhist Temple As a world cultural heritage Buddhist Temple in AD 535 from creation until 20 years after its heyday, the scope has expanded to about 10 times now, unfortunately chaos in the Japanese has been damaged in a subsequent rehabilitation after reconstruction, Now for the buildings, and to maintain the status quo really the only part of those stone, it also shows that the new Romanian culture reached its apex. Zixia doors, doors, which will have two all-Dashiqiao, that the slightest change shape and the balance of compact stone technology, in spite of the 1500 still today the United States could be a limit; corridors and the main building, refined painted a distinctive Dan, and their resettlement and Muni as the release of internal decoration is more magnificent, more elegant pagoda like carvings general appearance; address Jiada, Paradise tower, Pilu hall TAIWAN BISHAMON Leishena the Amida Buddha statues and filled with masculinity Gas. many national treasures and cultural heritage is scattered and the people seem to forget the passage of time. SeokguramSakyamuni noble white that the purity of expression, moving with the Buddhist Temple was registered as a world cultural heritage Seokguram, built in AD 751, when the minister to the prime minister to mourn his parents and the establishment, is a subsidiary of Shifosi buildings, there has been no temples, preserved only in 1909 in the mountain found in the man-made caves, Buddhist art history to that great masterpiece ━ Sakyamuni Tathagata Zuoxiang, slow dissemination of the glory of discretion grinding circular Hanaoka Rock around the ring as much as 3.26 meters Sakyamuni, the walls around a 10 Guanyin relief, King Kong Guinness and four heavenly kings, and so on, that can not be laid on the concept through the glass from the outside, they can still feel a solemn atmosphere for the three km Senate Road, pleasant scenery, it is worth roaming
Gyeongju is the birthplace of the new Romanian culture, in Gyeongju. Surrounded by mountains here, another convergence of the river surrounded by beautiful. Shilla Dynasty and the Tang dynasty of China at that time had close of a fruitful relationship. According Shishuji reference Gyeongju is modelled on the construction of the Tang dynasty capital. October each year, South Korea should be held here in the "new Romanian Cultural Festival." Bulguksa Temple Gyeongju is the largest Buddhist temple, magnificent, beautiful statements by the South Korean government as historical relics No. 1 Buddhist Temple As a world cultural heritage Buddhist Temple in AD 535 from creation until 20 years after its heyday, the scope has expanded to about 10 times now, unfortunately chaos in the Japanese has been damaged in a subsequent rehabilitation after reconstruction, Now for the buildings, and to maintain the status quo really the only part of those stone, it also shows that the new Romanian culture reached its apex. Zixia doors, doors, which will have two all-Dashiqiao, that the slightest change shape and the balance of compact stone technology, in spite of the 1500 still today the United States could be a limit; corridors and the main building, refined painted a distinctive Dan, and their resettlement and Muni as the release of internal decoration is more magnificent, more elegant pagoda like carvings general appearance; address Jiada, Paradise tower, Pilu hall TAIWAN BISHAMON Leishena the Amida Buddha statues and filled with masculinity Gas. many national treasures and cultural heritage is scattered and the people seem to forget the passage of time. SeokguramSakyamuni noble white that the purity of expression, moving with the Buddhist Temple was registered as a world cultural heritage Seokguram, built in AD 751, when the minister to the prime minister to mourn his parents and the establishment, is a subsidiary of Shifosi buildings, there has been no temples, preserved only in 1909 in the mountain found in the man-made caves, Buddhist art history to that great masterpiece ━ Sakyamuni Tathagata Zuoxiang, slow dissemination of the glory of discretion grinding circular Hanaoka Rock around the ring as much as 3.26 meters Sakyamuni, the walls around a 10 Guanyin relief, King Kong Guinness and four heavenly kings, and so on, that can not be laid on the concept through the glass from the outside, they can still feel a solemn atmosphere for the three km Senate Road, pleasant scenery, it is worth roaming
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